temIw Dp-t\m-p bn{km-tb lamkv t]mcmw: ssjPp tXmakv, Rmdbv-
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Publish Date: May 31, 2021
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Isral hamas conflict.
Ggp hjn\nSbnse Ghpw henb kwLjamWv ]ntajybn ActdpXv. Pdpkeanse A AJvk ]nbn Bcw`n kwLjw hfscsmWv BfnSXv. Km-k C-{k-tb ]-e-kv-Xo kwL-jw A-b-hn-m Xp-S-c-th, Km-k kn-n-p ]p-d-v C-{k-tb-en-s h-S-p In-g- A-Xn-n-tbm-Sp tN- {]-tZ-i--fn-se ]-e-kv-Xo Ip-Spw-_- ]-em-b-\w Xp-S-n. cm-{Xn-bn-se-thym-am-{I-a-W--p ]n-m-se C-{k-tb tk-\ ]o-c-n-bm-{I-a-W-hpw i-n-am-n-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wn-Xv. C{kmtbepw lamkpw Xnep i{XpXbpsS cqamb {]XnImcamWv \SpsImncnpXv. G-p-ap- ]q-W-bp--n-te-p \o-p-I-bm-sW- `o-Xn ]-c-n-p-v. Km-k ap-\-ns \n-b-{-W-ap- l-am-kn-s\-Xn-sc C-{k-tb I-c-bm-{I-a-Ww Xp-S-n-tb-p-sa-m-Wv kq-N-\. temIP\XbpsS Hcp iXam\wt]mepw hcm blqZm Ign Imefn cm{ob, kmaqlnIimkv{X taJeIfn h aptamWv \SnbXv Fv Ncn{Xw ]cntim[nm t_m[ysSpw. temIns KXnhnKXnIsf amn adnpXn \nWmbI ]p hln blqZ\v 1948 hsc kzambn cmPyanmsX ]e cmPyfnembn NnXdnnSpI Bbncpp. Fm thZ]pkvXI {]hN\wt]mse temIns Ay-\mfpIfpsS Bcww Ipdnv sImv sblqZ 2000 hjġv tijw hopw kzw tZiv Hnp IqSpIbpw, Ahv \s] cmPyw ]p\m]npIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\v Ahsc G-hpw A[nIw klmbnXv Atacn {_n XpSnb cmPyfmbncpp. AhcpsS Ghpw henb FXncmfnI ]mekXo\nIfpsS t\XrXznep Ad_v cmPyfpambncpp. Xp-nIfpsS \ob{Wnembncp ]mekvXo cmPys hn`mKnv C{ktb F cm{w cq]nIcnXns\ XpSv ay ]ucykvXy tZiv ]noSv bpfpsSbpw ccqnX t]mcm-fpsSbpw \mfpIfmbncpp. CXn\v Ahkm\w hcpXn\p thnbmWv 1993 - Ata-cnbpsSbpw sFIycm{k`bpsSbpw t\XrXzn Hn Hmtm kam[m\cm. C{ktb- ]ekvXo {]iv-\n\v imizX]cnlmcw F \nebn Zzncm{ hmZw iambn ap-tmphbvsXv. {_nsbpw AtacnbpsSbpw t\XrXzn 1948- cq]oIcn C{ktb-ens\mw ]ekvXo cm{hpw cq]oIcnv ZimЧfmbn Ad_v taJesb Aimamp {]iv-\w ]cnlcnWsambncpp Hmtm Icm \ntZinXv. ]nFH t\Xmhv bmk Ad^mns\mw C{ktbens Amas {][m\a{n Bbncp bnmv d_o\pw Hn Cu Icm ]ekvXo {]iv-\]cnlmcn\v hgnhbvpsamWv Ghcpw IcpXnbXv. Fm Dtin ^ew I-n.
\qdphjw ]gap Xw
temInse GI PqXcm{amWv C{kmtb. Cv C{kmtb Fv \ hnfnp AtX `q`mKw XsbmWv ]ekvXo\n apofpsSbpw P\mSv. C{kmtb F t]cptIm Xs \aptmhcnI hjfmbn AhnsS \Sp kwLjsfpdnmWv. PqXcpw apofpw Xnep Xocm i{XpXsbpdnmWv. AXnkoamWv AhnSbnep `nXbpsS Ncn{Xw. Xn \Snb A[n\nthifpsS, ]ckv]cw {]hn AXn-{IafpsS KdnmbpfpsS Ncn{Xw,Fm AhnsS nXnKXnI Fpw Cs\ kwLj`cnXambncpn. blq-Zcpw apofpw P\m i{Xpsfmpw Ambncpp. CcpcmPyfpw Xnep t]mcm Hcnepw aXns t]cnepXpw Bbncpn.
temIv B_ew sImv {]_ecsænepw kmn[yw sImv Icpdnbn aX-hn`mKamWv blqZm. ]-n-ta-jy-bn-se H-cp ]-c-am-[n-Im-c cm-{-am-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo A-Y-hm ]-e-kv-Xo cm-{w. sh-v _m-v bn-{k-tb-ep-am-bpw tPm-Zm-\p-am-bpw A-Xn-n ]-n-Sp- {]-tZ-iw, Km-km ap-\-v bn-{k-tb-ep-am-bpw Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-am-bpw A-Xn-n ]-n-Sp- {]-tZ-iw F-n-h-bm-Wv ]m-e-kv-Xo-s I-n-ep- {]-tZ-i-. B-[p-\n-I tem-I-cm-{o-b-n-se G--hpw k-o-W-am-b {]-iv-\--fn-sem-m-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo. ]m-e-kv-Xo F-v ]m-e-kv-Xo A-tXm-dn-n A-h-Im-i-s-Sp- {]-tZ-i--sf-bm-Wv "]m-e-kv-Xo sS-dn--do-kv' F--dn-b-s-Sp--Xv. tbm-m \-Zn-p ]-Sn-m-dpw Nm-hp-I-S-en-\p h-S-p-]-Sn-m-dp-am-bp- sh-v _m-v (5,879 N.In.ao.), a-[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bp-sS Xo-c-p- Km-km ap-\-v (363 N.In.ao.), In-g- sb-cp-i-tew F-n-h-b-S-n-b-Xm-Wv ]m-e-kv-Xo sS-dn--dn-I. sh-v _m-n-em-Wv sP-dn-tm (F dn-^m) \-K-cw. ]m-e-kv-Xo \m-j-W A-tXm-dn-n F- C-S-m-e `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo-s\ F-m-bn-S-pw {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-p--Xv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b ]-e-kv-Xo ta-J-e ap-gp-h A-tXmdn-n A-h-Im-i-s-Sp-p-s-n-epw A-Xn Ip-d-p `m-Kw am-{X-ta A-h-cp-sS ssI-h-i-ap-q. ]q- kzm-X-{-ap- cm-{w F- e-y-am-Wn-h-p--Xv. ]-n-ta-jy-bn a-[y-[-c-Wn-bp-sS Xo-c-v n-Xn sN-p- ]-e-kv-Xo Pq-X, s{sI-kv-X-h ,C-mw a-X--v hn-ip- `q-an-bm-Wv. ss_-_n-fn ]-cm-a-in-p- bn-{k-tb cm-Py-hpw bq-Zn-bm-bpw D-s-Sp--Xm-bn-cp-p ]p-cm-X-\ ]m-e-kv-Xo. lo-{_p ss_-_n-fn, bn-{k-tb-a-v, lo-{_p--fp-sS \m-Sv, tX-\pw ]m-ep sa-gp-Ip- \m-Sv, hm-Kv-Z- `q-an, ssZ-h-cm-Pyw F-n--s\-sb-mw Cu {]-tZ-i-s hn-ti-jn-n-p-p. tbm-m \-Zn-v ]-Sn-m-dp- {]-tZ-i-s Im-\m tZ-iw F-p hn-fn-p-p. B {]-tZ-i-n-s sX-v In-g-v h-kn-n-cp- s^-en-kv-Xy F- t]-cn \n-m-Wv ]m-e-kv-Xo F- t]-cp-m-b-Xv. hn-hn-[ P-\-X-I-fpw km-{am-Py--fpw ]u-cm-Wn-I Im-ew ap-X ]m-e-kv-Xo-\n B-[n-]-Xyw ]p-e-n-bn-cp-p. Cu-Pn-]v-jy-m, A-kn-dn-b-am, t]-jy-m, tdm-am-m Xp-S-n-b-h, F .Un.634- ap-o-ap-I ]-e-kv-Xo Io-g-S-n. Ip-cn-ip-bp--m-e-v H-cp sN-dn-b Im-e-b-f-hv ( 1098-1 197) ti-jw H-mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-w h-sc hn-hn-[ ap-ow cm-Pm--am-cp-sS ssI-I-fn-em-bn-cp-p ]-e-kv-Xo,1263-1291 Im-e-v Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se am-a-eq-Iv km-{am-Py-n-s Io-gn-em-bn.1516- Hm-tm-a X-n-I ]-e-kv-Xo ssI-h-i-s-Sp-n. sb-cp-i-te-an-se \-K-c `n-n-I \n-n--Xv C-h-cm-bn-cp-p. Hm-tm-a `-c-W-n-s A-h-km-\ L--n ]m-e-kv-Xo-\n-te-v Ip-Sn-tb-w Iq-Sn-b tXm-Xn B-cw-`n-p. Pq-X-cp-sS I-S-p-h-c-hv ]m-e-kv-Xo-s\ {]-iv-\ k-o--am-n. H-mw tem-I-a-lm-bp--n Xp-n X-I--tXm-sS ]m-e-kv-Xo Ip-Sn-tb-w {I-am-Xo-X-am-bn. Pq-X-cm-{ cq-]o-I-c-W-n-\p- k--w i--am-b-tXm-sS 1917 \-hw-_ 2 \v {_n-o-jv hn-tZ-i-Im-cy sk-{I--dn B-X sP-bnw-kv _m-^ ]-e-kv-Xo-\n Pq-X cm-{w m-]n-p-sa-v {]-Jym-]n-p. bp--n {_n- ]-e-kv-Xo ]n-Sn-s-Sp--Xp sIm-m-Wv Pq-X cm-{w m-]n-p-sa-v {]-Jym-]n--Xv. 1920- ]-e-kv-Xo-s `-c-Ww eo-Kv Hm-^v t\-jy-kv {_n--Wv \-In. tPm-m \-Zn-v In-g-pw ]-Sn-m-dp-ap- c-p ta-J-e-I-fn-em-bn {_n- ]-e-kv-Xo-s\ hn-`-Pn-p.In-g-p- {]-tZ-i-s {Sm-kv-tPm-m-s\-pw ]-Sn-m-dp- {]-tZ-i-s Pq-X cm-{-am-b C-{k-tb m-]n-m-\p-am-bn-cp-p.C-tXm-sS Pq-X Ip-Sn-tb-w h tXm-Xn-em-bn. Pq-X-{]-hm-l-s A-d-_n-P-\-X F-Xn-p.{_n-o-jv `-c-W-n-s\-Xn-sc 1938-1939 A-d-_n-I \-S-n-b {]-tm-`w B-dm-bn-c-tm-fw t]-cp-sS a-c-W-n-\n-S-bm-n. c-mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-w A-h-km-\n--tXm-sS ]-e-kv-Xo hn-Sm {_n- Xo-cp-am-\n-p. ]-e-kv-Xo-s\ A-d-_n-I-pw Pq-X-p-am-bn 1947 \-hpw-_ 29 \v sF-Iy-cm-{-k-` hn-`-Pn-p. Pq-X C-Xv Aw-Ko-I-cn-s-n-epw A-d-_n-I-fpw ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-I-fpw a-v A-d-_n cm-{--fpw C-Xv Aw-Ko-I-cn-n- A-d-_n - Pq-X kw-L-jw bp--n-te-v h-f-p. A-d-_n-cm-Py- C-{k-tb-en-s\ B-{I-an-p-sh-n-epw hn-P-bn-n-. C-tXm-sS h-tXm-Xn A-d-_n-I a-v A-d-_n-cm-Py--fn-te-v ]m-em-b-\w sN-bv-Xp. ]-e-kv-Xo A-`-bm-n {]-iv-\w B-cw-`n--Xv A-p ap-X-em-Wv. A-d-_n cm-Py-n-\m-bn am-n h-n-cp- sh-v-_m-v tPm-m-\pw Km-km-ap-\-v Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-epw Iq-Sn-t-c-s-p. 1967- A-d-_n cm-Py--fpw ]-e-kv-Xo-\pw tN-v C-{k-tb-en-s\ C-m-Xm-p-I F- e-y-tm-sS B-dp-Zn-\ bp-w-n G-s-p. ^-e-am-bn C-{k-tb sh-v _m-v, tPm-m ap-\-v, tKm-em Ip-p-I, ko-\m-bv D-]-Zzo-]v F-o ]-e-kv-Xo {]-tZ-i- ]n-Sn-s-Sp-p.1978-se Iym-v tU-hn-Uv k-am-[m-\m k-n {]-Im-cw ko-\m-bv D-] Zzo-]v Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-\v hn-p-sIm-Sp-p.C-{k-tb-en-I-fm-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-se B-Zn-a-\n-hm-kn-I. A-h tam-i-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-n Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-\n-p ]p-d-s-v I-\m {]-tZ-i-s ssI-b-S-n-b-Xv _n.kn. 12-mw \q-m-n-em-Wv. X-t-i-hm-kn-I-fm-b I-\m-\y-sc-bpw Kn-_-tbm-\y-sc-bpw s^-en-kv-Xy-sc-bpw A-h Io-g-S-n-sb-n-epw s^-en-kv-Xy sa-Un--td-\n-b Xo-c-`q-an-I-fn Xp-S-p Po-hn-p-h-p. ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-se _m-n {]-tZ-i- ap-gp-h-\pw b-lq-Z-m ssI-b-S-p-I-bpw C-{k-tb P-\-]-Zw m-]n-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. _n.kn. 721- A-ko-dn-b-cp-sS B-{I-a-Ww-aq-ew C-{k-tb \m-am-h-ti-j-am-bn. A-Xn-s\-p-S-p _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-cpw t]-jy-m-cpw {Ko-p-Im-cpw tdm-am-m-cpw Cu {]-tZ-iw Im-em-Im-e--fn ssI-h-i-s-Sp-n. _n.kn. 538- t]-jy cm-Pm-hv b-lq-Z-m-sc C-{k-tb-en-te-p Xn-cn-p-h-cp-hm A-\p-h-Zn-p. F.Un. 70- tdm-am-m-s-Xn-cm-bn b-lq-Z-m I-em-]w Xp-S-n-b-Xp-aq-ew ssS--kv N-{I-h-n (F.Un. 40-81) P-dp-k-tew \-in-n-p.
]n-F-am-bpw l-am-kpw
C-{km-tb-en \n-v ]-e-kv-Xo a-v ho-s-Sp-p-I F- e-y-tm-sS {]-h-n-p- C-kv-em-an-I kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv l-am-kv. C-kv-em-an-I sN-dp-p-\n-ev-]p {]-m-\w F--w h-cp- "l-d-I-p ap-Jm-h-a-p C-kv-em-an-b" F- A-d-_n-hm-n-s Np-cp-s-gp-m-Wv l-am-kv. C-{k-tb-en-s A-[n-\n-th-i-n \n-pw ]-e-kv-Xo cm-Pyw tam-Nn-n-p 1948-se A-Xn-n-I-tfm-sS kz-X-{ cm-Py-am-p-I F--Xm-Wv l-am-kn-s {]-Jym-]n-X e-yw. C-Xp-sIm-v X-s C-{km-tb-en-s k-Jy-cm-Py--fm-b A-ta-cn--bpw bq-tdm-]y cm-Py--fpw D-s-sS ]-e cm-Py--fpw Cu kw-L-S-\-sb `o-I-c-hm-Zn ]-n-I-bn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p.sh-v _m-n-se H-cp {]-[m-\ km-bp-[-ssk-\y-am-bn-cp-p ]-e-kv-Xo en-_-td-j. Hm-K-ss\-tk-j A-Y-hm ]n-F-Hm. bm-k A-d-^m-n-s t\-Xr-Xz-n-ep- Cu kw-Lw Xp-S-w ap-X C-{km-tb-ep-am-bn \n-c-h-[n N--I \-S-n-tm-n-cp-p. ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-se c-m-a-s km-bp-[ km-n-[y-am-Wv l-am-kv, ]n-F-Hm-bn \n-v hn-cp--am-bn A-h N--I-fn hn-iz-kn-m- Iq--am-Wv. C-{km-tb-en-s \m-iw H-v am-{X-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS {]-Jym-]n-X-e-yw. 2007 ]-e-kv-Xo-\n Xm-Xv-Im-en-I-am-bn H-cp k-m \n-e-hn h-p. A-Xv C-pw Xp-S-cp-p-v. sh-v _m-v C-v C-{km-tb-en-s ]q- \n-b-{-W-n-em-Wv. Km-k-bn ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-I-fm-Wv I-gn-p-t]m-cp--Xv. A-hn-sS-bpw C-{km-tb-en ssk-\y-n-s \n-b-{-W--fp-v. A-hn-sS Po-hn-Xw G-sd Zp-cq-l-am-Wv. ^-e-n ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-I C-v kz-w cm-Py-p-\n-v \n-jv-Im-kn-X-cm-b-h-cm-Wv.
C-Xn-^m-Z F-
]-e-kv-Xo hn--hw
C-Xn-^m-Z F- ]-Z-n-s A-Yw 'hn--hw' F-m-Wv. c-p-h-w C-Xn-^m-Z \-S-m t\m-n-bn-p-v. ]-e-kv-Xo. H-cn- F-]-Xp-I-fn c-m-a-Xv C-cp-]-sm-mw \q-m-n-s B-Zy-Z-i-I-n B-Zy-s X-h-W \n-c--c-am-b {]-I-S-\--fpw {]-Xn-tj-[--fp-am-bn-cp-p. A-v l-am-kv cw-K-n-. k-am-[m-\-n-s ]m-X-bn-em-bn-cp-p \o---sfm-s-bpw. A--s\-bm-Wv Hm-tm-bn N- \-S-p--Xpw, c-p cm-Py--fp-m-Im-\p- \n-tZ-iw h-cp--Xp-sam-s A-Xv C-cp-]--n-\pw k--X-am-bn-cp-n-. A--s\ t]m-Ip-tm-gm-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo-\n \n-pw c-mw C-Xn-^m-Z h-cp--Xv. A-Xv tNm-c-Nn-n-b hn--h-am-bn-cp-p. Im-c-Ww A-tm-tg-pw ]-e-kv-Xo km-bp-[-ti-jn B-Pn-n-cp-p. Nm-th t_mw-_n-Mv, tdm--v B-{I-a-W- A--s\ ]-e-Xpw Xp-S--bm-bn \-S-p.
C--s A-h-
C-pw H-fn-pw sX-fn-pw ]-e-kv-Xo-\pw C-{k-tb-epw X-n kw-L-j- D-m-Ip-p-v. A-h-v k-n-sN-m ]-m--Xm-bn ]-e hn-j-b--fp-ap-v. ]-e-kv-Xo A-`-bm-n-I-sf F-p-sN-pw? sh-v _m-n-se Pq-X-I-t-- H-gn-n-t-t? P-dp-k-tew F--s\ ]-n-Spw. F-m-n-\pw ]p-d-ta, ]-e-kv-Xo F- H-cp ]-c-am-[n-Im-c cm-{w X--fp-sS A-Xn-n-bn h-cp--Xn-t\m-Sp- \m-tb-en-s {]-I-S-am-b F-Xn-pw. A--s\ H-cp X-c-n-epw kw-L-j--v A-b-hp-h-cm- {]-iv-\-]-cn-lm-c-n-\v bm-sXm-cp {]-Xo--I-fpw C-m- km-l-N-cy-n-em-Wv H-cp \q-m-p-Im-e-am-bn ]p-I-p-sIm-n-cn-p- H-cp ]-Xn-\m-n-v ]-cn-lm-c-ap-m-tb-mw F- ]-Xo--I-fpw a-p-I-bm-Wv.
]-e-kv-Xo P-\-X
Cu-Pn-]v-jy, A-o-dn-b I-Y-I, F-{_m-b ss_-_n F-n-h-bn-\n-v h-c-p-Im-p--Xv, s^-en-kv-Xy ^n-en-n-b-bp-sS {]-tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fm-b s^-en-kv-Xy B-sW-v \-ap-v A-dn-bmw. Zm-ho-Znsbpw sKm-eym-ns-bpw ss_-_n-fn-I I-Y-tbm-Sv s^-en-kv-Xy h-f-sc \-m-bn A-dn-b-s-Sp-p. A-hn-sS, s^-en-kv-Xy, A-b-m, iu cm-Pm-hv F-n-h-sm-w `m-hn-bn cm-Pm-hm-b Zm-ho-Zv D-s-sS-bp- ]p-cp-j-m-cp-am-bn bp-w sN-p-p. s^-en-kv-Xy kw-_-n- {]-k--am-b ss_-_n ]p-kv-X-I- \ym-bm-[n-]-m, cm-Pm--m, i-ap-th F-n-h A-hn-sS kmw-k, sU-en-bp-sS I-Y-bn-ep-v.C-v Cu {]-tZ-i- C-{k-tb, Km-k, se-_-\, kn-dn-b F-n-hn-S--fn-em-Wv. F-{_m-b ss_-_n ]-d-bp--X-\p-k-cn-v, C-{km-tb-ey-cpw I-\m-\y-cpw Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-v Np-p-ap--h-cpw X-n Xp-S--bm-b H-cp t]m-cm--n-em-Wv s^-en-kv-Xy. A-kv-tXm-Zv, A-kv-sI-tem, Km-k F-n-hn-S--fn-em-Wv ss^-k-kn-kn-se aq-p {]-ap-J \-K-c- Zm-tKm-sd t-{Xw n-Xn-sN-p--Xv. ]p-cm-X-\ tZ-h, Zm-tKm, ^n-en-kv-ss-s tZ-io-b tZ-h F-m-Wv A-dn-b-s-Sp--Xv. A-o-dn-b A-[n-\n-th-i-tm-sS-bpw A-Xn-\v ti-j-ap-m-b bp---fn-epw s^-en-kv-Xy F- hw-iw G-sd-p-sd C-m-bv-a sN--s-p. ]p-cm-X-\ Im-e-s ]m-e-kv-Xo-s b-Ym- cm-{o-b N-cn-{Xw C-pw A-m-X-am-sW-p ]-d-bmw. Cu-Pn-]v-n-se-bpw, kn-dn-b-bn-se-bpw, {Ko-kn-se-bpw, tdm-an-se-bpw ]-e F-gp-p-I-fn-epw ]p-kv-X-I--fn-epw hn-h-c-W--fn-epw H-s ^n-en-kv-Xy F-v A-\p-am-\n-m-hp- P-\-X-tb--n ]-cm-a-i--fp-v. ]-s A-h ]n-o-Sv Im-\m F- tZ-i-p h-kn- P-\-X-bp-am-bn e-bn-p tN-p F-m-W-\p-am-\n--s-Sp--Xpw. ]m-e-kv-Xo F-v ]n-o-S-dn-b-s- a-y-[-c-Wym-gn-pw tPm-m \-Zn-p-an-S-bn-ep- {]-tZ-iw ]-e-cp-sS-bpw B-[n-]-Xy-n C-cp-n-p-v. ]p-cm-X-\ Cu-Pn-]v-p-Im-cpw, Im-\m Im-cpw, ^n-en-kv-Xy-cpw, C-{k-tb-m-cpw, A-o-dn-b-m-cpw, _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-m-cpw, s]-jy-m-cpw, ]p-cm-X {Ko-p-Im-cpw H-s C-hn-sS B-[n-]-Xyw m-]n-n-p-v. ]-s A-tX-p-dn-sm-pw hy--am-b H-cp cq-] tc-J C-v e-`y-a-.
]n-o-Sv _m-_n-tem km-{am-Py-n-s-bpw B--sa-\n-Uv km-{am-Py-n-s-bpw A-[n-\n-th-i-tm-sS {]-hm-kn-I-fm-bn ]n-Sn--s-pw, hn-hn-[ tKm-{X--fn e-bn-pw _n kn 5 Bw \q-m-n-s A-h-km-\-n X-s b-Ym- s^-en-kv-Xy hw-i-P A-{]-Xy--am-bn. C-v \mw Im-Wp- ]m-e-kv-Xo-\n-I C-{km-tb-en C-m-an-I A-[n-\n-th-iw D-m-b-Xn-\p ti-jw Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b hn-hn-[ A-d-_v ap-nw hw-i-P-cp-sS k--c h-w B-Wv.
\qdphjw ]gap Xw
temInse GI PqXcm{amWv C{kmtb. Cv C{kmtb Fv \ hnfnp AtX `q`mKw XsbmWv ]ekvXo\n apofpsSbpw P\mSv. C{kmtb F t]cptIm Xs \aptmhcnI hjfmbn AhnsS \Sp kwLjsfpdnmWv. PqXcpw apofpw Xnep Xocm i{XpXsbpdnmWv. AXnkoamWv AhnSbnep `nXbpsS Ncn{Xw. Xn \Snb A[n\nthifpsS, ]ckv]cw {]hn AXn-{IafpsS KdnmbpfpsS Ncn{Xw,Fm AhnsS nXnKXnI Fpw Cs\ kwLj`cnXambncpn. blq-Zcpw apofpw P\m i{Xpsfmpw Ambncpp. CcpcmPyfpw Xnep t]mcm Hcnepw aXns t]cnepXpw Bbncpn.
temIv B_ew sImv {]_ecsænepw kmn[yw sImv Icpdnbn aX-hn`mKamWv blqZm. ]-n-ta-jy-bn-se H-cp ]-c-am-[n-Im-c cm-{-am-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo A-Y-hm ]-e-kv-Xo cm-{w. sh-v _m-v bn-{k-tb-ep-am-bpw tPm-Zm-\p-am-bpw A-Xn-n ]-n-Sp- {]-tZ-iw, Km-km ap-\-v bn-{k-tb-ep-am-bpw Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-am-bpw A-Xn-n ]-n-Sp- {]-tZ-iw F-n-h-bm-Wv ]m-e-kv-Xo-s I-n-ep- {]-tZ-i-. B-[p-\n-I tem-I-cm-{o-b-n-se G--hpw k-o-W-am-b {]-iv-\--fn-sem-m-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo. ]m-e-kv-Xo F-v ]m-e-kv-Xo A-tXm-dn-n A-h-Im-i-s-Sp- {]-tZ-i--sf-bm-Wv "]m-e-kv-Xo sS-dn--do-kv' F--dn-b-s-Sp--Xv. tbm-m \-Zn-p ]-Sn-m-dpw Nm-hp-I-S-en-\p h-S-p-]-Sn-m-dp-am-bp- sh-v _m-v (5,879 N.In.ao.), a-[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bp-sS Xo-c-p- Km-km ap-\-v (363 N.In.ao.), In-g- sb-cp-i-tew F-n-h-b-S-n-b-Xm-Wv ]m-e-kv-Xo sS-dn--dn-I. sh-v _m-n-em-Wv sP-dn-tm (F dn-^m) \-K-cw. ]m-e-kv-Xo \m-j-W A-tXm-dn-n F- C-S-m-e `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo-s\ F-m-bn-S-pw {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-p--Xv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b ]-e-kv-Xo ta-J-e ap-gp-h A-tXmdn-n A-h-Im-i-s-Sp-p-s-n-epw A-Xn Ip-d-p `m-Kw am-{X-ta A-h-cp-sS ssI-h-i-ap-q. ]q- kzm-X-{-ap- cm-{w F- e-y-am-Wn-h-p--Xv. ]-n-ta-jy-bn a-[y-[-c-Wn-bp-sS Xo-c-v n-Xn sN-p- ]-e-kv-Xo Pq-X, s{sI-kv-X-h ,C-mw a-X--v hn-ip- `q-an-bm-Wv. ss_-_n-fn ]-cm-a-in-p- bn-{k-tb cm-Py-hpw bq-Zn-bm-bpw D-s-Sp--Xm-bn-cp-p ]p-cm-X-\ ]m-e-kv-Xo. lo-{_p ss_-_n-fn, bn-{k-tb-a-v, lo-{_p--fp-sS \m-Sv, tX-\pw ]m-ep sa-gp-Ip- \m-Sv, hm-Kv-Z- `q-an, ssZ-h-cm-Pyw F-n--s\-sb-mw Cu {]-tZ-i-s hn-ti-jn-n-p-p. tbm-m \-Zn-v ]-Sn-m-dp- {]-tZ-i-s Im-\m tZ-iw F-p hn-fn-p-p. B {]-tZ-i-n-s sX-v In-g-v h-kn-n-cp- s^-en-kv-Xy F- t]-cn \n-m-Wv ]m-e-kv-Xo F- t]-cp-m-b-Xv. hn-hn-[ P-\-X-I-fpw km-{am-Py--fpw ]u-cm-Wn-I Im-ew ap-X ]m-e-kv-Xo-\n B-[n-]-Xyw ]p-e-n-bn-cp-p. Cu-Pn-]v-jy-m, A-kn-dn-b-am, t]-jy-m, tdm-am-m Xp-S-n-b-h, F .Un.634- ap-o-ap-I ]-e-kv-Xo Io-g-S-n. Ip-cn-ip-bp--m-e-v H-cp sN-dn-b Im-e-b-f-hv ( 1098-1 197) ti-jw H-mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-w h-sc hn-hn-[ ap-ow cm-Pm--am-cp-sS ssI-I-fn-em-bn-cp-p ]-e-kv-Xo,1263-1291 Im-e-v Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se am-a-eq-Iv km-{am-Py-n-s Io-gn-em-bn.1516- Hm-tm-a X-n-I ]-e-kv-Xo ssI-h-i-s-Sp-n. sb-cp-i-te-an-se \-K-c `n-n-I \n-n--Xv C-h-cm-bn-cp-p. Hm-tm-a `-c-W-n-s A-h-km-\ L--n ]m-e-kv-Xo-\n-te-v Ip-Sn-tb-w Iq-Sn-b tXm-Xn B-cw-`n-p. Pq-X-cp-sS I-S-p-h-c-hv ]m-e-kv-Xo-s\ {]-iv-\ k-o--am-n. H-mw tem-I-a-lm-bp--n Xp-n X-I--tXm-sS ]m-e-kv-Xo Ip-Sn-tb-w {I-am-Xo-X-am-bn. Pq-X-cm-{ cq-]o-I-c-W-n-\p- k--w i--am-b-tXm-sS 1917 \-hw-_ 2 \v {_n-o-jv hn-tZ-i-Im-cy sk-{I--dn B-X sP-bnw-kv _m-^ ]-e-kv-Xo-\n Pq-X cm-{w m-]n-p-sa-v {]-Jym-]n-p. bp--n {_n- ]-e-kv-Xo ]n-Sn-s-Sp--Xp sIm-m-Wv Pq-X cm-{w m-]n-p-sa-v {]-Jym-]n--Xv. 1920- ]-e-kv-Xo-s `-c-Ww eo-Kv Hm-^v t\-jy-kv {_n--Wv \-In. tPm-m \-Zn-v In-g-pw ]-Sn-m-dp-ap- c-p ta-J-e-I-fn-em-bn {_n- ]-e-kv-Xo-s\ hn-`-Pn-p.In-g-p- {]-tZ-i-s {Sm-kv-tPm-m-s\-pw ]-Sn-m-dp- {]-tZ-i-s Pq-X cm-{-am-b C-{k-tb m-]n-m-\p-am-bn-cp-p.C-tXm-sS Pq-X Ip-Sn-tb-w h tXm-Xn-em-bn. Pq-X-{]-hm-l-s A-d-_n-P-\-X F-Xn-p.{_n-o-jv `-c-W-n-s\-Xn-sc 1938-1939 A-d-_n-I \-S-n-b {]-tm-`w B-dm-bn-c-tm-fw t]-cp-sS a-c-W-n-\n-S-bm-n. c-mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-w A-h-km-\n--tXm-sS ]-e-kv-Xo hn-Sm {_n- Xo-cp-am-\n-p. ]-e-kv-Xo-s\ A-d-_n-I-pw Pq-X-p-am-bn 1947 \-hpw-_ 29 \v sF-Iy-cm-{-k-` hn-`-Pn-p. Pq-X C-Xv Aw-Ko-I-cn-s-n-epw A-d-_n-I-fpw ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-I-fpw a-v A-d-_n cm-{--fpw C-Xv Aw-Ko-I-cn-n- A-d-_n - Pq-X kw-L-jw bp--n-te-v h-f-p. A-d-_n-cm-Py- C-{k-tb-en-s\ B-{I-an-p-sh-n-epw hn-P-bn-n-. C-tXm-sS h-tXm-Xn A-d-_n-I a-v A-d-_n-cm-Py--fn-te-v ]m-em-b-\w sN-bv-Xp. ]-e-kv-Xo A-`-bm-n {]-iv-\w B-cw-`n--Xv A-p ap-X-em-Wv. A-d-_n cm-Py-n-\m-bn am-n h-n-cp- sh-v-_m-v tPm-m-\pw Km-km-ap-\-v Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-epw Iq-Sn-t-c-s-p. 1967- A-d-_n cm-Py--fpw ]-e-kv-Xo-\pw tN-v C-{k-tb-en-s\ C-m-Xm-p-I F- e-y-tm-sS B-dp-Zn-\ bp-w-n G-s-p. ^-e-am-bn C-{k-tb sh-v _m-v, tPm-m ap-\-v, tKm-em Ip-p-I, ko-\m-bv D-]-Zzo-]v F-o ]-e-kv-Xo {]-tZ-i- ]n-Sn-s-Sp-p.1978-se Iym-v tU-hn-Uv k-am-[m-\m k-n {]-Im-cw ko-\m-bv D-] Zzo-]v Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-\v hn-p-sIm-Sp-p.C-{k-tb-en-I-fm-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-se B-Zn-a-\n-hm-kn-I. A-h tam-i-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-n Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-\n-p ]p-d-s-v I-\m {]-tZ-i-s ssI-b-S-n-b-Xv _n.kn. 12-mw \q-m-n-em-Wv. X-t-i-hm-kn-I-fm-b I-\m-\y-sc-bpw Kn-_-tbm-\y-sc-bpw s^-en-kv-Xy-sc-bpw A-h Io-g-S-n-sb-n-epw s^-en-kv-Xy sa-Un--td-\n-b Xo-c-`q-an-I-fn Xp-S-p Po-hn-p-h-p. ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-se _m-n {]-tZ-i- ap-gp-h-\pw b-lq-Z-m ssI-b-S-p-I-bpw C-{k-tb P-\-]-Zw m-]n-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. _n.kn. 721- A-ko-dn-b-cp-sS B-{I-a-Ww-aq-ew C-{k-tb \m-am-h-ti-j-am-bn. A-Xn-s\-p-S-p _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-cpw t]-jy-m-cpw {Ko-p-Im-cpw tdm-am-m-cpw Cu {]-tZ-iw Im-em-Im-e--fn ssI-h-i-s-Sp-n. _n.kn. 538- t]-jy cm-Pm-hv b-lq-Z-m-sc C-{k-tb-en-te-p Xn-cn-p-h-cp-hm A-\p-h-Zn-p. F.Un. 70- tdm-am-m-s-Xn-cm-bn b-lq-Z-m I-em-]w Xp-S-n-b-Xp-aq-ew ssS--kv N-{I-h-n (F.Un. 40-81) P-dp-k-tew \-in-n-p.
]n-F-am-bpw l-am-kpw
C-{km-tb-en \n-v ]-e-kv-Xo a-v ho-s-Sp-p-I F- e-y-tm-sS {]-h-n-p- C-kv-em-an-I kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv l-am-kv. C-kv-em-an-I sN-dp-p-\n-ev-]p {]-m-\w F--w h-cp- "l-d-I-p ap-Jm-h-a-p C-kv-em-an-b" F- A-d-_n-hm-n-s Np-cp-s-gp-m-Wv l-am-kv. C-{k-tb-en-s A-[n-\n-th-i-n \n-pw ]-e-kv-Xo cm-Pyw tam-Nn-n-p 1948-se A-Xn-n-I-tfm-sS kz-X-{ cm-Py-am-p-I F--Xm-Wv l-am-kn-s {]-Jym-]n-X e-yw. C-Xp-sIm-v X-s C-{km-tb-en-s k-Jy-cm-Py--fm-b A-ta-cn--bpw bq-tdm-]y cm-Py--fpw D-s-sS ]-e cm-Py--fpw Cu kw-L-S-\-sb `o-I-c-hm-Zn ]-n-I-bn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p.sh-v _m-n-se H-cp {]-[m-\ km-bp-[-ssk-\y-am-bn-cp-p ]-e-kv-Xo en-_-td-j. Hm-K-ss\-tk-j A-Y-hm ]n-F-Hm. bm-k A-d-^m-n-s t\-Xr-Xz-n-ep- Cu kw-Lw Xp-S-w ap-X C-{km-tb-ep-am-bn \n-c-h-[n N--I \-S-n-tm-n-cp-p. ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-se c-m-a-s km-bp-[ km-n-[y-am-Wv l-am-kv, ]n-F-Hm-bn \n-v hn-cp--am-bn A-h N--I-fn hn-iz-kn-m- Iq--am-Wv. C-{km-tb-en-s \m-iw H-v am-{X-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS {]-Jym-]n-X-e-yw. 2007 ]-e-kv-Xo-\n Xm-Xv-Im-en-I-am-bn H-cp k-m \n-e-hn h-p. A-Xv C-pw Xp-S-cp-p-v. sh-v _m-v C-v C-{km-tb-en-s ]q- \n-b-{-W-n-em-Wv. Km-k-bn ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-I-fm-Wv I-gn-p-t]m-cp--Xv. A-hn-sS-bpw C-{km-tb-en ssk-\y-n-s \n-b-{-W--fp-v. A-hn-sS Po-hn-Xw G-sd Zp-cq-l-am-Wv. ^-e-n ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-I C-v kz-w cm-Py-p-\n-v \n-jv-Im-kn-X-cm-b-h-cm-Wv.
C-Xn-^m-Z F-
]-e-kv-Xo hn--hw
C-Xn-^m-Z F- ]-Z-n-s A-Yw 'hn--hw' F-m-Wv. c-p-h-w C-Xn-^m-Z \-S-m t\m-n-bn-p-v. ]-e-kv-Xo. H-cn- F-]-Xp-I-fn c-m-a-Xv C-cp-]-sm-mw \q-m-n-s B-Zy-Z-i-I-n B-Zy-s X-h-W \n-c--c-am-b {]-I-S-\--fpw {]-Xn-tj-[--fp-am-bn-cp-p. A-v l-am-kv cw-K-n-. k-am-[m-\-n-s ]m-X-bn-em-bn-cp-p \o---sfm-s-bpw. A--s\-bm-Wv Hm-tm-bn N- \-S-p--Xpw, c-p cm-Py--fp-m-Im-\p- \n-tZ-iw h-cp--Xp-sam-s A-Xv C-cp-]--n-\pw k--X-am-bn-cp-n-. A--s\ t]m-Ip-tm-gm-Wv ]-e-kv-Xo-\n \n-pw c-mw C-Xn-^m-Z h-cp--Xv. A-Xv tNm-c-Nn-n-b hn--h-am-bn-cp-p. Im-c-Ww A-tm-tg-pw ]-e-kv-Xo km-bp-[-ti-jn B-Pn-n-cp-p. Nm-th t_mw-_n-Mv, tdm--v B-{I-a-W- A--s\ ]-e-Xpw Xp-S--bm-bn \-S-p.
C--s A-h-
C-pw H-fn-pw sX-fn-pw ]-e-kv-Xo-\pw C-{k-tb-epw X-n kw-L-j- D-m-Ip-p-v. A-h-v k-n-sN-m ]-m--Xm-bn ]-e hn-j-b--fp-ap-v. ]-e-kv-Xo A-`-bm-n-I-sf F-p-sN-pw? sh-v _m-n-se Pq-X-I-t-- H-gn-n-t-t? P-dp-k-tew F--s\ ]-n-Spw. F-m-n-\pw ]p-d-ta, ]-e-kv-Xo F- H-cp ]-c-am-[n-Im-c cm-{w X--fp-sS A-Xn-n-bn h-cp--Xn-t\m-Sp- \m-tb-en-s {]-I-S-am-b F-Xn-pw. A--s\ H-cp X-c-n-epw kw-L-j--v A-b-hp-h-cm- {]-iv-\-]-cn-lm-c-n-\v bm-sXm-cp {]-Xo--I-fpw C-m- km-l-N-cy-n-em-Wv H-cp \q-m-p-Im-e-am-bn ]p-I-p-sIm-n-cn-p- H-cp ]-Xn-\m-n-v ]-cn-lm-c-ap-m-tb-mw F- ]-Xo--I-fpw a-p-I-bm-Wv.
]-e-kv-Xo P-\-X
Cu-Pn-]v-jy, A-o-dn-b I-Y-I, F-{_m-b ss_-_n F-n-h-bn-\n-v h-c-p-Im-p--Xv, s^-en-kv-Xy ^n-en-n-b-bp-sS {]-tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fm-b s^-en-kv-Xy B-sW-v \-ap-v A-dn-bmw. Zm-ho-Znsbpw sKm-eym-ns-bpw ss_-_n-fn-I I-Y-tbm-Sv s^-en-kv-Xy h-f-sc \-m-bn A-dn-b-s-Sp-p. A-hn-sS, s^-en-kv-Xy, A-b-m, iu cm-Pm-hv F-n-h-sm-w `m-hn-bn cm-Pm-hm-b Zm-ho-Zv D-s-sS-bp- ]p-cp-j-m-cp-am-bn bp-w sN-p-p. s^-en-kv-Xy kw-_-n- {]-k--am-b ss_-_n ]p-kv-X-I- \ym-bm-[n-]-m, cm-Pm--m, i-ap-th F-n-h A-hn-sS kmw-k, sU-en-bp-sS I-Y-bn-ep-v.C-v Cu {]-tZ-i- C-{k-tb, Km-k, se-_-\, kn-dn-b F-n-hn-S--fn-em-Wv. F-{_m-b ss_-_n ]-d-bp--X-\p-k-cn-v, C-{km-tb-ey-cpw I-\m-\y-cpw Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-v Np-p-ap--h-cpw X-n Xp-S--bm-b H-cp t]m-cm--n-em-Wv s^-en-kv-Xy. A-kv-tXm-Zv, A-kv-sI-tem, Km-k F-n-hn-S--fn-em-Wv ss^-k-kn-kn-se aq-p {]-ap-J \-K-c- Zm-tKm-sd t-{Xw n-Xn-sN-p--Xv. ]p-cm-X-\ tZ-h, Zm-tKm, ^n-en-kv-ss-s tZ-io-b tZ-h F-m-Wv A-dn-b-s-Sp--Xv. A-o-dn-b A-[n-\n-th-i-tm-sS-bpw A-Xn-\v ti-j-ap-m-b bp---fn-epw s^-en-kv-Xy F- hw-iw G-sd-p-sd C-m-bv-a sN--s-p. ]p-cm-X-\ Im-e-s ]m-e-kv-Xo-s b-Ym- cm-{o-b N-cn-{Xw C-pw A-m-X-am-sW-p ]-d-bmw. Cu-Pn-]v-n-se-bpw, kn-dn-b-bn-se-bpw, {Ko-kn-se-bpw, tdm-an-se-bpw ]-e F-gp-p-I-fn-epw ]p-kv-X-I--fn-epw hn-h-c-W--fn-epw H-s ^n-en-kv-Xy F-v A-\p-am-\n-m-hp- P-\-X-tb--n ]-cm-a-i--fp-v. ]-s A-h ]n-o-Sv Im-\m F- tZ-i-p h-kn- P-\-X-bp-am-bn e-bn-p tN-p F-m-W-\p-am-\n--s-Sp--Xpw. ]m-e-kv-Xo F-v ]n-o-S-dn-b-s- a-y-[-c-Wym-gn-pw tPm-m \-Zn-p-an-S-bn-ep- {]-tZ-iw ]-e-cp-sS-bpw B-[n-]-Xy-n C-cp-n-p-v. ]p-cm-X-\ Cu-Pn-]v-p-Im-cpw, Im-\m Im-cpw, ^n-en-kv-Xy-cpw, C-{k-tb-m-cpw, A-o-dn-b-m-cpw, _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-m-cpw, s]-jy-m-cpw, ]p-cm-X {Ko-p-Im-cpw H-s C-hn-sS B-[n-]-Xyw m-]n-n-p-v. ]-s A-tX-p-dn-sm-pw hy--am-b H-cp cq-] tc-J C-v e-`y-a-.
]n-o-Sv _m-_n-tem km-{am-Py-n-s-bpw B--sa-\n-Uv km-{am-Py-n-s-bpw A-[n-\n-th-i-tm-sS {]-hm-kn-I-fm-bn ]n-Sn--s-pw, hn-hn-[ tKm-{X--fn e-bn-pw _n kn 5 Bw \q-m-n-s A-h-km-\-n X-s b-Ym- s^-en-kv-Xy hw-i-P A-{]-Xy--am-bn. C-v \mw Im-Wp- ]m-e-kv-Xo-\n-I C-{km-tb-en C-m-an-I A-[n-\n-th-iw D-m-b-Xn-\p ti-jw Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b hn-hn-[ A-d-_v ap-nw hw-i-P-cp-sS k--c h-w B-Wv.
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